Counting GPT tokens

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential tools for software developers. With their increasing usage, it's crucial to understand what tokens are, how to count them, and how to manage their costs effectively.

What is a Token?

A token is a piece of text that the model processes as a single unit. This could be as short as one character or as long as one word, depending on the language and the specific word. For example, the phrase "Hello, world!" might be broken down into the following tokens: "Hello", ",", "world", and "!". In essence, tokens are the building blocks that LLMs use to understand and generate language.

Encodings and Models

Encodings are the methods used to convert text into tokens that the model can understand. Different models use different encoding schemes, and this can affect how text is tokenized. For example, OpenAI models like GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 use the cl100k_base encoding. These encodings determine how efficiently the model processes the text and, ultimately, the cost of using the model. Other LLM providers, such as Hugging Face or Google's BERT, use their own unique tokenization methods, which can vary significantly in how they segment text into tokens.

Let’s Count

We can use tiktoken to count tokens for OpenAI models. This library uses WebAssembly for efficient token counting. To get started, install it using:

npm install tiktoken

Here's a snippet to count tokens in a JSON file containing an array of items:

import { get_encoding } from "tiktoken";
import fs from "fs";
 
const filePath = process.argv[2];
const content =

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